According to the fundamental theorem of algebra every polynomial over the complex numbers can be factorized into the following form: $$ c (x - r_1) (x - r_2) (x - r_3) \dots $$ where $r_i$ are the roots of the polynomial. Is there a special name for these $x - r_i$?
Searching the web is exceedingly difficult if you don't know the name of the thing you're searching for, so I wasn't successful with that.
Thanks!
If you don't care about constant multiples, they are the irreducible factors of the polynomial. If you do, they are the monic irreducible factors.
(If you want to be a little confusing/cheeky and exploit properties of polynomial rings, they are also the prime factors, but that is debatably further from the "what [something] can be factored into" idea.)