In particular, since $\cosh(z) = \frac{e^{z}+e^{-z}}{2}$, and $e^{z} = \sum_{n=0}^{\infty} \frac{z^{n}}{n!}$, why is it not the case that $\cosh(z) = \frac{\sum_{n=0}^{\infty} \frac{z^{n}}{n!} + (\sum_{n=0}^{\infty} \frac{z^{n}}{n!})^{-1}}{2} = \frac{\sum_{n=0}^{\infty} \frac{z^{n}}{n!} + (\sum_{n=0}^{-\infty} \frac{z^{n}}{n!})}{2} = \frac{\sum_{-\infty}^{\infty} \frac{z^{n}}{n!}+1}{2}$?
2026-04-02 07:09:57.1775113797
Laurent series for $\cosh(z)$
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$$e^{-z} = \sum_{n=0}^{\infty} \frac{(-z)^n}{n!} \neq \sum_{n=-\infty}^{0} \frac{z^n}{n!}.$$ Also, $n!$ is not defined for $n <0$.