Let $p \geq 3$ be a prime number.
We consider $2p$ black beads and $2p$ blue beads (both indistinguishable).
How many unique necklaces of size $4p$, created from these beads, are there? (Consider only rotations.)
I need help with the Burnside's lemma.
(I have not found a similar question with a satisfactory answer).
The first approach (by the formula):
We will use the well-known formula.
The color multi-set is $B = \{1^{2p}, 2^{2p}\}$.
The number of such necklaces is: $$ \begin{align} N(B) &= \frac{1}{|B|} \sum_{d\mid\gcd(n_1 \dots n_k)} \binom{|B|/d}{n_1/d \dots n_k/d} \phi(d) \\ &= \frac{1}{4p} \sum_{d\mid\gcd(2p, 2p)} \binom{4p/d}{2p/d \; 2p/d} \phi(d) \\ &= \frac{1}{4p} \biggl( \binom{2}{1 \; 1}\phi(2p) + \binom{2p}{p \; p}\phi(2) + \binom{4}{2 \; 2}\phi(p) \biggr) \\ &= \frac{1}{4p} \biggl( 2(p-1) + \frac{(2p)!}{(p!)^2} + 6(p-1) \biggr) \\ &= \frac{8(p-1)(p!)^2+(2p)!}{4p(p!)^2} \end{align} $$
The second approach (by the Burnside's lemma):
The group size is $4p$.
The Id fixes $\binom{4p}{2p}$ elements.
The first rotation fixes $0$ elements.
The second fixes $2$ elements.
What's the pattern for $p$? We have to know how many beads we can color in a given rotation, then we can check whether it is even possible.
Temporarily ignoring the requirement that there must be an equal number of black and blue beads...
When rotating once, or indeed when rotating any number of times $k$ where $\gcd(k,4p)=1$ you will have that every bead must be the same. That is, we have one degree of freedom.
When rotating twice, or indeed when rotating any number of times $k$ where $\gcd(k,4p)=2$ you will have that every other bead must be the same. That is, we have two degrees of freedom.
When rotating four times, or any number of times $k$ where $\gcd(k,4p)=4$ you will have every fourth bead must be the same. That is, four degrees of freedom.
When rotating $k$ times where $\gcd(k,4p)=p$ you will have every $p$'th bead must be the same. And finally, when rotating $2p$ times, every $2p$'th bead (i.e. the bead opposite) must be the same and we'll have $2p$ degrees of freedom.
Noting that each of these will partition the set of beads into $1,2,4,p$ or $2p$ equally sized sets, and recalling that there must be an equal number of blue and black beads, we find that gcds of $1$ and $p$ are impossible to satisfy this (recalling that $p$ is prime greater than 2 and thus odd).
In the case of $2$ degrees of freedom, picking which color occurs first forces what color follows, and so there are $2$ options here. In the case of $4$ degrees of freedom, you pick two of the spaces for blue and the remainder must be block for $\binom{4}{2}=6$ options here.
Among the numbers $1,2,3,\dots,4p-1$ there are $p-1$ of these which correspond to a gcd of $2$ and $p-1$ of these which correspond to a gcd of $4$ (recalling that $4p$ and $0$ correspond to the identity rotation and are left out of our count for now).
In the case of the identity rotation, we simply pick which $2p$ of the spaces are blue, the rest are black, for a total of $\binom{4p}{2p} = \dfrac{(4p)!}{(2p)!(2p)!}$, similarly in the case of the $180^\circ$ rotation, we pick which $p$ of the first half of the beads are blue vs black for $\binom{2p}{p}$ cases
By my count then, applying (not-)burnside's lemma, we arrive at
$$\dfrac{1}{4p}\left(\binom{4p}{2p} +\binom{2p}{p}+ (p-1)\times 2 + (p-1)\times 6\right)$$
This was very close to what you had written, but it seems you missed the case of the identity rotation in your earlier attempt.