Let's suppose I have a rectangle divided into three triangles in the following way. No lengths of either the rectangle or triangles are known, only one angle is known.
I would like to know how to calculate all the other angles. Here is a sample image of the problem:

This looks so simple but I have no idea even where to start. Where is the trick?
Without further information, you cannot determine any of the other angles, other than the right angles (since you are given a rectangle). If we know one other non-right angle, we can compute all the other angles by simply knowing that the angles of a triangle sum to $180^\circ$.