Show that $x^4 +1$ is reducible over $\mathbb{Z}_{11}[x]$ and splits over $\mathbb{Z}_{17}[x]$.

Question

Reduction into linear factors $\mathbb{Z}_{17}[x]$:

This part is not too hard: $x^4 \equiv -1$ mod 17 has solutions: 2, 8, 9, 15 so

$(x-2)(x-8)(x-9)(x-15) = x^4 -34 x^3 +391 x^2-1734 x+2160 \equiv x^4+1$ mod 17.

Reduction over $\mathbb{Z}_{11}[x]$:

This one doesn't have such an easy solution, as neither of $y^2 \equiv -1$ mod 11 or $x^4 \equiv -1$ mod 11 have solutions.

I've tried $x^4+1 = (x^2- \sqrt{2}x+1)(x^2+\sqrt{2}x+1)$ but $x^2 \equiv 2$ mod 11 also has no solutions so there's no easy substitution here.

I think that this approach is not going to work here, so I need something new. Any suggestions?

Answer 1

I will assume you've made no mistakes in your work.

Since $-1$ hasn't a fourth root in $\Bbb Z_{11},$ then the only way to reduce $x^4+1$ over $\Bbb Z_{11}$ is as a product if quadratics. We may as well assume that the quadratics are monic, so we've got $$x^4+1=(x^2+ax+b)(x^2+cx+d),$$ leaving us with the following system: $$a+c=0\\ac+b+d=0\\ad+bc=0\\bd=1$$ By the first equation, $c=-a,$ and the rest of the system becomes: $$b+d=a^2\\a(d-b)=0\\bd=1$$ Now, if $a=0$, then the first and third remaining equations imply that $-1$ has a square root in $\Bbb Z_{11}$ (why?), which you've ruled out. Hence, we need $b=d,$ and the rest of the system becomes: $$2b=a^2\\b^2=1$$ Can you take it from here?

Answer 2

Hint: We know that if $f(x)=x^4+1$ is reducible, then it either has a root or can be written $f(x)=g(x)h(x)$ where $\deg(g)=\deg(h)=2$.

Answer 3

Look for a factorization of the shape $(x^2-ax+b)(x^2+ax+b)$. So we want $b^2\equiv 1\pmod{11}$, with $2b$ a quadratic residue.

Remark: Note that this is a general procedure for $x^4+1$ modulo an odd prime. The issue is whether one of $2$ or $-2$ is a quadratic residue of $p$. One of them is unless $p\equiv 5\pmod{8}$.

Answer 4

You may use the fact that $$x^2 = 9 \mod 11$$ has a solution, say $x = c$. Then use $$(x^2 + cx - 1)(x^2 - cx - 1),$$ and $c$ is pretty much obvious from here...

Answer 5

This question in fact already answered your question. Indeed, in the accepted answer, the complete solution can be found. So let me explain this and put it into CW.
As expounded in the link, we know that there is a primitive root of order $8$ in $\mathbb F:=\mathbb F_{p^2}$, called $u$. Since $\mathbb F$ is of degree $2$ over $\mathbb F_p$, the minimal polynomial is of degree at most $2$ over $\mathbb F_p$. Here, our $p\equiv 3\pmod 8$, so there is no $u$ in $\mathbb F_p$, as $u^4=-1$. Its conjugate is then $u^p=u^3$. Therefore $x^4+1$ has a factor given by $(x-u)(x-u^3)$. After easy calculations, we find that this becomes $(x^2-(u+u^3)x-1)$. And the other factor of that one must, after easy calculations of other conjugates of $u$, be $x^2+(u+u^3)x-1$. Therefore, $a:=u+u^3$ satisfies $a^2+2=0$. And I guess you know there is one such $a$ for $p=11$.

For those who jumped here:
We found the factorisation: $$(x^2-3x-1)(x^2+3x-1)$$.

Thanks for the attention, and inform me of any errors. Thanks.

Answer 6

An abstract algebra argument, without much computation.

Claim: The polynomial $x^4+1$ splits over $\mathbb F_{p^2}$ for any odd (*) prime $p$.

We can see this because $F_{p^2}^\times$ is a cyclic group of order $p^2-1$, a multiple of $8$. If $g$ is a generator, then $g^{(1+2k)\frac{p^2-1}{8}}$ gives distinct roots for $k=0,1,2,3$.

This means that $x^4+1$ can't be irreducible in $\mathbb Z_p$, because if it was, the splitting field would have $p^4$ elements.

(*) True for $p=2$, but not for the same reasons. When $p=2$, $x^4+1=(x+1)^4$.

Specific solutions:

We can make this explicit by looking at the "standard" complex $4$th roots of $-1$: $$\pm\frac{\sqrt 2}2 \pm\frac{\sqrt{2}}{2}i=\frac{1}{2}(\pm \sqrt{2}\pm\sqrt{-2})$$

If $p\equiv 1\pmod 8$ then $2$ and $-2$ have square roots in $\mathbb Z_p$, so $x^4+1$ has four roots.

If $p\equiv -1\pmod 8$ then $2$ is a square, but $-2$ is not. Write $a^2\equiv 2\pmod p$. Then write:

$$x^4+1 = \left(x^2 -ax + 1\right)\left(x^2+ax+1\right)$$

If $p\equiv 3\pmod 8$ then $-2$ is a square and $2$ is not. Letting $b^2\equiv -2\pmod p$, we get:

$$x^4+1 = \left(x^2-bx-1\right)\left(x^2+bx-1\right)$$

Finally, if $p\equiv 5\pmod 8$ then neither of $\pm 2$ is a square, but $-1$ is a square. Letting $c^2\equiv -1\pmod p$, we see that the roots are $(\pm 1 \pm c)\sqrt{2}/2$ and the result is:

$$x^4+1 = (x^2-c)(x^2+c)$$