Since the formula for curvature is $\frac{1}{R}$, why can't we just find curvature of say: $r=3+2\cos{\theta}$, where $\theta=0$ by substituting?

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The polar function gives the radius, why do we still need to use the convoluted curve formula to solve it? Shouldn't K=$\frac{1}{R}=\frac{1}{3+2\cos{0}}=\frac{1}{5}$? Why doesn't this work?

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The radius of curvature at a point does not have anything to do with the distance from the origin.

For a start, the circle with the same radius of curvature as the function is not necessarily centered at the origin. Furthermore, there are infinitely many circles passing through the origin and $(r, \theta) = (5, 0)$: you need a third point to determine the unique circle with the right radius of curvature.