What are good books for grounding to study Parsonson's Advanced Mathematics texts?

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I noticed in the first exercise itself that one requires knowledge of the Fundamental Theorem of Arithmetic. What introductory books gives the proof of the Fundamental Theorem of Arithmetic? It'd be nice of the book also explained how to extract roots and find the highest common factors of big numbers alongside proofs of the basic geometric formulas-Pythagoras, surface area of a sphere, etc.