what is the math for gravity causing different kinds of orbit ( ellipse, parabola ,straight line ) for an object in different cases?

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case-1:
the motion or you can say the orbit of a projectile is parabolic because gravity acts on it. enter image description here

case-2:
the motion or the orbit of an object thrown straight up ( at less than the escape velocity) or thrown straight down is a straight line
enter image description here

case-3:

then we have the planetary motion which is elliptical and of course it is because of the gravity
enter image description here

now I am going to the point,
the general formula of gravitational force is,
$$F=\frac{G\cdot m_1 \cdot m_2}{r^2}$$

now, how would you derive the equation of the parabola, straight line and ellipse from the general formula of gravity for the given cases.

I also want to know other types of orbit and the algebraic equation for that orbits motion.