I know how to work with the triple integral of the divergence of F part of the theorem, but in many textbooks, they don't explain the surface integral component. I don't understand how they go from here: $$\iint_{\delta W} F\boldsymbol{\cdot}kdS = \iint_{S_1} F\boldsymbol{\cdot}kdS_1 + \iint_{S_2} F\boldsymbol{\cdot}kdS_2$$
to here: "The surface $S_1$ is defined by $g_1(x,y)$, and \begin{equation}dS_1 = \Big( \frac{\delta g_1}{\delta x}i + \frac{\delta g_1}{\delta y}j - k \Big)dxdy\end{equation} Therefore, $$\iint_{S_1} F\boldsymbol{\cdot}kdS_1 = - \iint_D F(x,y,g_1(x,y))dxdy$$
Similarly, for the top face $S_2$, \begin{equation}dS_2 = \Big( -\frac{\delta g_2}{\delta x}i - \frac{\delta g_2}{\delta y}j + k \Big)dxdy\end{equation} Therefore, $$\iint_{S_2} F\boldsymbol{\cdot}kdS_2 = \iint_D F(x,y,g_2(x,y))dxdy$$"
I understand why one is negative and the other isn't, but I don't understand how they got the derivative of the surface like that.
In general $$ \begin{align} \iint_S \mathbf F \cdot \mathbf {dS} &= \iint_S( \mathbf F \cdot \mathbf n )dS \\ &= \iint_S\Bigg(\mathbf F \cdot \cfrac{\frac{\partial \mathbf x}{\partial s} \times \frac{\partial \mathbf x}{\partial t}}{\Big|\Big| \frac{\partial \mathbf x}{\partial s} \times \frac{\partial \mathbf x}{\partial t} \Big|\Big|} \Bigg) \Bigg|\Bigg| \dfrac{\partial \mathbf x}{\partial s} \times \dfrac{\partial \mathbf x}{\partial t} \Bigg|\Bigg| ds dt \\ &= \iint_S \mathbf F \cdot \bigg( \cfrac{\partial \mathbf x}{\partial s} \times \cfrac{\partial \mathbf x}{\partial t} \bigg) dsdt\end{align}$$ Whose implication is $\mathbf {dS} = \Bigg(\cfrac{\partial \mathbf x}{\partial s} \times \cfrac{\partial \mathbf x}{\partial t} \Bigg) dsdt$
Where $\mathbf x$ is position vector with of point $x \hat i + y \hat j + f(x,y) \hat k$, considering $s = x, t = y$ $$\implies \cfrac{\partial \mathbf x}{\partial x} = 1 \hat i + 0 \hat j + f_x(x,y) \hat k , \cfrac{\partial \mathbf x}{\partial y} = 0 \hat i + i \hat j + f_y(x,y) \hat k$$
Compute the cross product you would obtain the required result.