This question was posited to me by a coworker. I was able to get the answer, but I'm unsatisfied with how I did it.
- $n < 354$
$n^5 = 133^5 + 110^5 + 84^5 + 27^5 < (133+110+84+27)^5$
$n < 354$
- $n \equiv 0 \pmod 2$
133 and 27 are odd, 110 and 84 are even. Thus $133^5 + 110^5 + 84^5 + 27^5$ is the sum of two even numbers and two odd numbers, which results in an even number.
- $n \equiv 0 \pmod 3$
$133 \equiv 1 \pmod 3 \implies 133^5 \equiv 1$
$110 \equiv 2 \implies 110^5 \equiv 2^5 \equiv 32 \equiv 2$
$84 \equiv 0$
$27 \equiv 0$
$133^5 + 110^5 + 84^5 + 27^5 \equiv 1 + 2 + 0 + 0 \equiv 0$
- $n \equiv 4 \pmod 5$
$133 \equiv 3 \pmod 5$
$110 \equiv 0$
$84 \equiv 4 $
$27 \equiv -3$
$133^5 + 110^5 + 84^5 + 27^5 \equiv 3^5 + 0 + 4 - 3^5 \equiv 4$
$n^5 \equiv 4 \implies n \equiv 4$
- $n \equiv 24 \pmod {30}$
From Chinese Remainder Theorem:
$n \equiv 0 \pmod 2, n \equiv 0 \pmod 3 \implies n \equiv 0 \pmod 6$
$n \equiv 0 \pmod 6, n \equiv 4 \pmod 5$
$n \equiv 4 * 1 * 6 \pmod {30} \implies n \equiv 24 \pmod {30}$
- $n \equiv 4 \pmod 7$
$133 \equiv 0 \pmod 7$
$110 \equiv 5 \to 5^2 \equiv 4 \to 5^4 \equiv 2 \to 110^5 \equiv 5^4 * 5 \equiv 3$
$84 \equiv 0$
$27 \equiv -1$
$133^5 + 110^5 + 84^5 + 27^5 \equiv 0 + 3 + 0 - 1 \equiv 2$
$n^5 \equiv 2 \implies n \equiv 4$
- $n \equiv 144 \pmod {210}$
$n \equiv 24 \pmod {30}, n \equiv 4 \pmod 7$
$n \equiv 4*4*30 + 24*13*7 \pmod {210} \equiv 60 + 84 \equiv 144$
- The next number after 144 that satisfies $n \equiv 144 \pmod {210}$ is $n = 354$. From 1. we know that $n < 354$. Therefore $n = 144$
What I've proven is that if there's a solution with $n \in N, n = 144$.
I'm left wondering - How do I prove the solution actually exists?