Is there a special name for a field where each number has a square root?

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For example, not every number in the field of rational numbers with ordinary addition and multiplication has square root.

Is there a special name for a field where each number has a square root? Can anyone help provide some reference? Thank you!

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Yes, those fields are called quadratically closed fields.

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If you are interested in ordered fields in which every positive element has a square root, then you are looking for Euclidean fields.