I am looking for the values $ x \in R $ which satisfy the following equation :
$ e^{-\alpha x} = \frac{a}{x - c} $
Where $ \alpha $, $ a $ and $ c $ are real valued constants.
If $ c = 0 $, we get $ x = - \frac{W(-a \alpha)}{\alpha} $, where $ W$ denotes the Lambert W function, but with $ c \neq 0 $ I don't see an obvious solution.
Otherwise, could I find an approximate solution with numerical methods in limited time ? (my system needs to be running in real time)
Doing what @user721481 suggested, you should arrive at $$x=c-\frac{W\left(-a \alpha e^{\alpha c}\right)}{\alpha }$$