This problem is from a Year 9 Oxford Maths textbook. I have tried to solve it since yesterday to no avail. Here are the questions - It is only (b/c) that I cannot solve, but I included the other questions since it gives us an idea of the methods that they want us to use:
a) Using an understanding of angles and parallel lines, explain why the triangles on the right are similar.
b) Match corresponding sides and find the scale factor between the two triangles.
c) Find the length of the unknown sides
I tried using the similar triangles method, but I'm not sure whether it is possible, because there are no corresponding sides, since the corresponding sides of 3, 2 and 7.5 are unknown.
I have also tried rotating the smaller triangle into the bigger triangle, to form something like this:
From there, I tried to see if I could find the missing variables from comparing the equations but that didn't work either. I found that ab = 15, ac = 22.5 and 2c = 3b, but that didn't help, as a and b had no corresponding sides and were lengths of different triangles. I couldn't find the length of the unknown sides ultimately because there were too many variables.
I also tried using lines to cut the triangles in half to form 90 degree angles but that did not work either, because no angles were specified on the problem. I also tried using interior the interior angles of the triangles to try and find the exterior angles to form "outside triangles" between the two triangles but that didn't work.
How do you solve this problem? I know that there is apparently a specific answer (as shown below), but since there are no corresponding sides, can't any value be placed in a and b, as long as they are to scale?
Here are the answers (mouse over to see):
a = 2.5, b = 6
I also tried this, but I'm not sure whether it can be proven to be possible. The answer I got by assuming that the height of the triangle was 3 was quite close to the scale factor... When I rounded the scale factor off into a whole number it gave the correct answer for some reason. Can this be proven possible/impossible: Triangles rotated into one big triangle
I read the original question on the e-book, but I don't have it now. Here is the original picture of the problem. (very badly taken, question numbers are off the page): Original pic
The problem is undetermined as stated. However, you get the answer you quoted with the additional assumption that the red line completes an isosceles triangle having the bottom horizontal segment as its base.
Whether that's something that you were expected to assume from the picture, or the problem forgot to mention some other condition, that's anybody's guess.
[EDIT] Following is the sketch of the proof using the additional assumption.
Let $\alpha$ be the angle in the top left corner. Then, by similarity and the law of cosines:
$\frac{2}{b} = \frac{a}{7.5}$
$2^2 = 3^2 + a^2 - 2 \cdot 3 \cdot a \cdot \cos \alpha$
$(2+b)^2 = 3^2 + (a+7.5)^2 - 2 \cdot 3 \cdot (a+7.5) \cdot \cos \alpha$
Eliminate $\cos \alpha$ between the last two, then solve the remaining two equations in $a,b$.